Commodore Matthew Perry and the Opening of Japan

Commodore Matthew C. Perry was a noted American naval officer in the first half of the 19th century who earned fame for opening Japan to American trade. A veteran of the War of 1812, Perry endeavored to promote and develop steam technology in the U.S. Navy and earned the nickname Father of the Steam Navy. During the Mexican-American War, he directed operations in the Gulf of Mexico and captured several towns along the coast. In 1853, Perry received orders from President Millard Fillmore to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade. Arriving in the islands the following year, he successfully concluded the Convention of Kanagawa which opened two ports to trade as well as ensured the protection of American sailors and property. Early Life and Career Born at Newport, RI, on April 10, 1794, Matthew Calbraith Perry was the son of Captain Christopher Perry and Sarah Perry. In addition, he was the younger brother of Oliver Hazard Perry who would go on to earn fame at the Battle of Lake Erie. The son of a naval officer, Perry prepared for a similar career and received a warrant as a midshipman on January 16, 1809. A young man, he was assigned to the schooner USS Revenge, then commanded by his older brother. In October 1810, Perry was transferred to the frigate USS President where he served under Commodore John Rodgers. A strict disciplinarian, Rodgers imparted many of his leadership skills to the young Perry. While aboard, Perry took part in an exchange of gunfire with the British sloop-of-war HMS Little Belt on May 16, 1811. The event, known as the Little Belt Affair, further strained relations between the United States and Britain. With the beginning of the War of 1812, Perry was aboard President when it fought an eight-hour running battle with the frigate HMS Belvidere on June 23, 1812. In the fighting, Perry was slightly wounded. War of 1812 Promoted to lieutenant on July 24, 1813, Perry remained aboard President for cruises in the North Atlantic and Europe. That November, he was transferred to the frigate USS United States, then at New London, CT. Part of the squadron commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, Perry saw little action as the ships were blockaded in port by the British. Due to these circumstances, Decatur transferred his crew, including Perry, to President which was anchored in New York. When Decatur unsuccessfully attempted to escape the blockade of New York in January 1815, Perry was not with him as he had been reassigned to the brig USS Chippawa for service in the Mediterranean. With the wars end, Perry and Chippawa cruised Mediterranean as part of Commodore William Bainbridges squadron. After a brief furlough in which he worked in the merchant service, Perry returned to active duty in September 1817, and was assigned to the New York Navy Yard. Posted to the frigate USS Cyane in April 1819, as executive officer, he aided in the initial settlement of Liberia. Captain Matthew C. Perry. U.S. Navy History and Heritage Command Fast Facts: Commodore Matthew C. Perry Rank: CommodoreService: U.S. NavyBorn: April 10, 1794 in Newport, RIDied: March 4, 1858 in New York, NYParents: Captain Christopher Perry and Sarah PerrySpouse: Jane SlidellConflicts: Mexican-American WarKnown For: First and Second Battles of Tabasco, Capture of Tampico, Opening Japan Rising Through the Ranks Completing his duty, Perry was rewarded with his first command, the twelve-gun schooner USS Shark. Serving as the vessels captain for four years, Perry was assigned to suppress piracy and the slave trade in the West Indies. In September 1824, Perry was reunited with Commodore Rodgers when he was posted as executive officer of USS North Carolina, the flagship of the Mediterranean Squadron. During the cruise, Perry was able to meet with Greek revolutionaries and the Captain Pasha of Turkish fleet. Before returning home, he was promoted to master commandant on March 21, 1826. Naval Pioneer After moving through a series of shore assignments, Perry went back to sea in April 1830, as the captain of the sloop USS Concord. Transporting the U.S. envoy to Russia, Perry declined an invitation from the czar to join the Russian Navy. Arriving back in the United States, Perry was made second-in-command of the New York Navy Yard in January 1833. Deeply interested in naval education, Perry developed a naval apprentice system and helped establish the U.S. Naval Lyceum for the education of officers. After four years of lobbying, his apprentice system was passed by Congress. During this time he served on the committee that advised the Secretary of the Navy in regard to the U.S. Exploring Expedition, though he declined command of the mission when offered. As he moved through various posts, he remained devoted to education and in 1845, assisted in developing the initial curriculum for the new U.S. Naval Academy. Promoted to captain on February 9, 1837, he was given command of the new steam frigate USS Fulton. A significant advocate for the development of steam technology, Perry conducted experiments to improve its performance and ultimately earned the nickname Father of the Steam Navy. This was reinforced when he founded the first Naval Engineer Corps. During his command of Fulton, Perry conducted the U.S. Navys first gunnery school off Sandy Hook in 1839-1840. On June 12, 1841, he was appointed the Commandant of the New York Navy Yard with the rank of commodore. This was largely due to his expertise in steam engineering and other naval inventions. After two years, he was appointed commander of the U.S. African Squadron and sailed aboard the sloop-of-war USS Saratoga. Tasked with fighting the slave trade, Perry cruised the African coast until May 1845, when he returned home. Second Battle of Tabasco, June 15-16, 1847. Public Domain Mexican-American War With the beginning of the Mexican-American War in 1846, Perry was given command of the steam frigate USS Mississippi and made second-in-command of the Home Squadron. Serving under Commodore David Connor, Perry led successful expeditions against Frontera, Tabasco and Laguna. After returning to Norfolk for repairs in early 1847, Perry was given command of the Home Squadron and aided General Winfield Scott in the capture of Vera Cruz. As the army moved inland, Perry operated against the remaining Mexican ports cities, capturing Tuxpan and attacking Tabasco. USS Mississippi (1841). U.S. Navy Opening Japan With the end of the war in 1848, Perry moved through various shore assignments before being returned to Mississippi in 1852, with orders to prepare for a voyage to the Far East. Instructed to negotiate a treaty with Japan, then closed to foreigners, Perry was to seek an agreement which would open at least one Japanese port to trade and would secure the protection of American seamen and property in that country. Departing Norfolk in November 1852, Perry proceeded around the Cape of Good Hope and across the Indian Ocean before reaching Shanghai on May 4, 1853. Sailing north with Mississippi, the steam frigate USS Susquehanna, and the sloops-of-war USS Plymouth and Saratoga, Perry reached Edo, Japan on July 8. Met by Japanese officials, Perry was ordered to sail for Nagasaki where the Dutch had a small trading post. Refusing, he demanded permission to present a letter from President Millard Fillmore and threatened to use force if denied. Unable to resist Perrys modern weaponry, the Japanese permitted him to land on the 14th to present his letter. This done, he promised the Japanese that he would return for a response. Commodore Matthew C. Perry lands in Japan, 1854. Public Domain Returning the following February with a larger squadron, Perry was warmly received by Japanese officials who had acquiesced and prepared a treaty that fulfilled many of Fillmores demands. Signed on March 31, 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa ensured the protection of American property and opened the ports of Hakodate and Shimoda to trade. His mission complete, Perry returned home by merchant steamer later that year. Later Life Voted a reward of $20,000 by Congress for his success, Perry embarked on writing a three-volume history of the mission. Assigned to the Efficiency Board in February 1855, his main task was the completion of the report. This was published by the government in 1856, and Perry was advanced to the rank of rear admiral on the retired list. Living in his adopted home of New York City, Perrys health began to fail as he suffered from cirrhosis of the liver due to heavy drinking. On March 4, 1858, Perry died in New York. His remains were moved to Newport, RI by his family in 1866.

Managing Service Delivery Of Health Sector Essay - 1520 Words

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The association additionally gives wellbeing and group administrations - especially in the territories of wellbeing administration combination, and of intersectional joining where that will impact the social determinants of wellbeing. We trust that accomplishing this will advantage all Population aggregates and will likewise enhance the working existences of clinicians and their capacity to better address the issues of the populations they serve. (alliancehealth, about-us, 2015) The organisation has a mission to make the country healthy and safety and secure as well. In some areas the people need the organisation to help them so that theyShow MoreRelatedMinistry Of Health Programs For High Tech Medical Services Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesMinistry of Health provides funding to District Health Boards through vote Health. Each District Health Board provides funding to Public Health Organizations, Hospitals, Community Services, Disabilities sector with in the same district. 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The Pros and Cons to Physical Education Essay - 1662 Words

The Pros and Cons of Physical Education Most of us remember gym class. For many of us, it was the most hated or the most anticipated class. Those that were a little bit heavier or not as athletically inclined may remember the class as a nightmare, while others may remember it as the most exciting time of the day. Either way, physical education was required. Today, however, the necessity of physical education classes is up for debate. Parents, faculty, council members, and even the government are weighing the pros and cons of allowing physical education in school. 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Principal of Economics for Accounting- Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain why this scenario is considered bad for the economy and what are the possible explanations for the weakening of Competition? 2.Use simple demand and supply analysis to show how a monopolist can affect total welfare. 3.What does Schumpeter suggest as solutions to Improve Competition? Answers: In view of capturing a greater market share, the firms continuously are competing with each other in the Competitive market (Baumol Blinder, 2015). Innovation of new techniques for production are necessary for reduction of cost and increasing profit. The firm may fail to show interest in adopting better technologies if the competition is reducing continuously (Varian, 2014). They start to save their profit and not invest it in adopting technologies. As a result, wages of the workers will be reduced and this will affect the economy. Sellers will start to leave the market if this continues and there be more reduction in the competition. Thus, a few big sellers will take over the market and thus will rise a monopoly market. For the consumers and the society, this will come up to be a very bad news. The increase in the intervention of the government to regulate the market is a major cause for the rise of this situation. The government decides to intervene in the market from the fear of large firms taking over the entire market if the market is left unregulated. It was felt by the existing firm that there has been unsystematic intervention of the regulators. This prevented them to grow bigger. Consequently, the competitive market is weakening and most of the sellers started to leave the market. 2. In the figure given above, the demand in the marked is denoted by the curve DD. The curve SS denotes the supply of the goods in the market. The SS curve is also known as the marginal cost curve. The intersection of the DD curve and SS curve shows the market equilibrium. E is the point showing the equilibrium of the market in the figure. P* and Q* denotes the price of the commodity in the market and the quantity of the commodity supplied to the market respectively. In the monopoly market, the point where marginal revenue (MR curve) and marginal cost concur with each other is known as the point of equilibrium (McKenzie Lee, 2016). The diagram shows that at P1 the market price is high and at Q1 the Quantity supplied is low. Thus, a lower quality can be sold at a price higher than the competitive market. As a result, the consumer surplus reduces in comparison to the competitive market. The seller enjoys all the surplus (Friedman, 2017). This reduces aggregate welfare that is defined by the surplus enjoyed by the producer and the consumer together. The shaded triangle from the figure above shows the dead weight loss of the society. 3.It has been suggested by the economist Schumpeter that a three stage strategy has to be adopted to overcome this situation. Politicians can be forced to change their decisions if the public starts to make strong campaigning. Due to the combined actions shown by the monopolists, an important reform has risen in the 1920s. The technocrats has received significant powers due to the formulation of the antitrust law. A brave move from the public is only necessary for this reform. The scholars will be given a nice lesson from the experience of the school in Chicago. The paramount role of the competition and its implications in social welfare is very important for the Americans to understand. It can be expected that, implementation of these strategies will lead to a lot of improvement in the market in the near future. References: Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Friedman, L. S. (2017).The microeconomics of public policy analysis. Princeton University Press. McKenzie, R. B., Lee, D. R. (2016).Microeconomics for MBAs: The economic way of thinking for managers. Cambridge University Press. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.