Eridu The Earliest City in Mesopotamia and the World

Eridu (called Tell Abu Shahrain or Abu Shahrein in Arabic) is one of the earliest permanent settlements in Mesopotamia, and perhaps the world.  Located about 14 miles (22 kilometers) south of the modern city of Nasiriyah in Iraq, and about 12.5 mi (20 km) south southwest of the ancient Sumerian city of Ur, Eridu was occupied between the 5th and 2nd millennium BCE, with its heyday in the early 4th millennium. Fast Facts: Eridu Eridu is among the earliest permanent settlements in Mesopotamia, with a consistent occupation of some 4500 years.It was occupied between 5th and 2nd millennium BCE (Early Ubaid to Late Uruk periods).Eridu continued to maintain its importance during the early Neo-Babylonian period but faded into obscurity after the rise of Babylon.  Ziggurat of Enki is one of the best known and preserved Mesopotamian temples.   Eridu is located in the Ahmad (or Sealand) wetland of the ancient Euphrates river in southern Iraq. It is surrounded by a drainage canal, and a relict watercourse abuts the site on the west and south, its braids exhibiting many other channels. The ancient main channel of the Euphrates spreads to the west and northwest of the tell, and a crevasse splay—where the natural levee broke in ancient times—is visible in the old channel. A total of 18 occupation levels have been identified within the site, each containing mud brick architecture built between the Early Ubaid to Late Uruk periods, found during excavations in the 1940s. Eridus History Eridu is a tell, an immense mound made up of the ruins of thousands of years of occupation. Eridus tell is a large oval, measuring 1,900x1,700 feet (580x540 meters) in diameter and rising to an elevation of 23 ft (7 m). Most of its height is made up of the ruins of the Ubaid period town (6500–3800 BCE), including houses, temples, and cemeteries built over on top of one another for nearly 3,000 years. At the top are the most recent levels, the remainders of the Sumerian sacred precinct, consisting of a ziggurat tower and temple and a complex of other structures on a 1,000 ft (300 m) square platform. Surrounding the precinct is a stone retaining wall. That complex of buildings, including the ziggurat tower and temple, was built during the Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE). Life in Eridu Remnants of blue paint and glazes on the walls at Eridu.   Tina Hager / arabianEye / Getty Images Archaeological evidence shows that in the 4th millennium BC, Eridu covered an area of 100 acres (~40 hectares), with a 50 ac (20 ha) residential section and a 30 ac (12 ha) acropolis. The primary economic foundation of the earliest settlement at Eridu was fishing. Fishing nets and weights and whole bales of dried fish have been found at the site: models of reed boats, the earliest physical evidence we have for constructed boats anywhere, are also known from Eridu. Eridu is best known for its temples, called ziggurats. The earliest temple, dated to the Ubaid period about 5570 BCE, consisted of a small room with what scholars have termed a cult niche and an offering table. After a break, there were several ever-larger temples built and rebuilt on this temple site throughout its history. Each of these later temples was built following the  classical, early Mesopotamian format of a  tripartite plan, with a buttressed faà §ade and a long central room with an altar. The Ziggurat of Enki—the one modern visitors can see at Eridu—was built 3,000 years after the citys founding. Recent excavations have also found evidence of several Ubaid-period pottery works, with huge scatters of potsherds and kiln wasters. Genesis Myth of Eridu The Genesis Myth of Eridu is an ancient Sumerian text written around 1600 BCE, and it contains a version of the flood story used in Gilgamesh and later the Old Testament of the Bible. Sources for the Eridu myth include a Sumerian inscription on a clay tablet from Nippur (also dated about 1600 BCE), another Sumerian fragment from Ur (about the same date) and a bilingual fragment in Sumerian and Akkadian from Ashurbanipals library in Nineveh, about 600 BCE. The first part of the Eridu origin myth describes how the mother goddess Nintur called to her nomadic children and recommended they stop wandering, build cities and temples, and live under the rule of kings. The second part lists Eridu as the very first city, where the kings Alulim and Alagar ruled for nearly 50,000 years (well, it is a myth, after all). The most famous part of the Eridu myth describes a great flood, which was caused by the god Enlil. Enlil became annoyed at the clamor of human cities and decided to quiet down the planet by wiping the cities out. Nintur warned the king of Eridu, Ziusudra, and recommended he build a boat and save himself and a pair of each living being in order to save the planet. This myth has clear connections to other regional myths such as Noah and his ark in the Old Testament and the Nuh story in the Koran, and the origin myth of Eridu is the likely basis for both of these stories. End of Eridus Power Eridu was politically significant even late in its occupancy, during the Neo-Babylonian period (625–539 BCE). Located in Sealand, the large marshland home to the Chaldean Bit Yakin tribe, Eridu was supposed to be the home of the Neobabylonian ruling family. Its strategic location on the Persian gulf and its power trade and commercial connections maintained Eridus power until the consolidation of the Neo-Babylonian elite in Uruk, in the 6th century BCE. Archaeology at Eridu Tell Abu Shahrain was first excavated in 1854 by J.G Taylor, the British vice-consul at Basra. British archaeologist Reginald Campbell Thompson excavated there at the end of World War I in 1918 and H.R. Hall followed up Campbell Thompsons research in 1919. The most extensive excavations were completed in two seasons between 1946–1948 by Iraqi archaeologist Fouad Safar  and his British colleague Seton Lloyd. Minor excavations and testing have occurred several times there since then.   Tell Abu Sharain was visited by a group of heritage scholars in June of 2008. At that time, researchers found little evidence of modern looting. Ongoing research continues in the region, despite the tumult of war, currently led by an Italian team. The Ahwar of Southern Iraq, also known as the Iraqi Wetlands, which includes Eridu, was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2016. Sources Alhawi, Nagham A., Badir N. Albadran, and Jennifer R. Pournelle. The Archaeological Sites Along the Ancient Course of Euphrates River. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences 29 (2017): 1–20. Print.Gordin, Shai. The Cult and Clergy of Ea in Babylon. Die Welt des Orients 46.2 (2016): 177–201. Print.Hritz, Carrie, et al. Mid-Holocene Dates for Organic-Rich Sediment, Palustrine Shell, and Charcoal from Southern Iraq. Radiocarbon 54.1 (2012): 65–79. Print.Jacobsen, Thorkild. The Eridu Genesis. Journal of Biblical Literature 100.4 (1981): 513–29. Print.Moore, A. M. T. Pottery Kiln Sites at Al Ubaid and Eridu. Iraq 64 (2002): 69–77. Print.Richardson, Seth. Early Mesopotamia: The Presumptive State. Past Present 215.1 (2012): 3–49. Print.

Master Harold and the boys - Inclusion in the Curriculum...

Master Harold and the boys - Inclusion in the Curriculum Essay In his masterpiece Master Harold and the boys, Athol Fugard has journeyed deep into sensitive issues including racism and growing up, without sacrificing the high technical standard that often distinguishes great theatre. The poignant and enlightening journey that is Fugards piece undoubtedly deserves inclusion in any English curriculum, with the works characterization, themes, conflicts and motifs all earning this distinction. With only three characters sharing dialogue and one of these playing a minor role, detailed characterization is a highlight of Master Harold and the boys. The major protagonist, Hally, is a white seventeen-year-old intended to be an†¦show more content†¦Thematically, Master Harold and the boys covers two sensitive and important issues, which are key to any education program. The first theme, which must be examined, is that of white superiority and racial segregation, instigated by the Apartheid system. Fugard, through the course of the play, makes it clear in subtle references that the white race is considered to be superior to the black in South African society. One such subtle reference is made when Hally says: Dont try to be clever, Sam. It doesnt suit you. (35). As the climax develops, Fugard begins to display this in more blatant dialogue, with lines such as Hes a white man and thats good enough for you (53), reflecting the prejudice and segregation that plagued society at that time. A further example of Fugards references to this issue of white supremacy is depicted when Sam attempts to convey to Hally the simple beauty of ballroom dancing, yet Hally dismisses it as mentally retarded (39) and the culture of a primitive black society (43). It is not until he puts aside this fa-ade provided by white ideology that he can grasp the true worth of Sams comments. The second major theme in the work is that of growing up, and doing this with the traps of society. Hally is a boy at the crossroads of childhood and manhood, and the opinions and ideals he learns at this point will likely shape the rest of his life. The society of white supremacyShow MoreRelatedTexts Fof Written Discourse7878 Words   |  32 Pages | |bring up | | | Try to use the majority of them while speaking of the main character of the essay. 8. Pick out school terms and words having to do with school-life. Comment on them. Education: Doing Bad and Feeling Good by Ch.  Krauthammer 9. A standardized math test was given to 13-year-olds in six countries last year. South KoreansRead MoreTexts Fof Written Discourse7893 Words   |  32 Pages | |bring up | | | Try to use the majority of them while speaking of the main character of the essay. 8. 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Technology and How It Has Improved Housekeeping Operations free essay sample

A Thesis Submitted By Lerone McDonald (ID#)-10T10553 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science In Tourism, Hospitality, Entertainment Management Excelsior Community College Date: February 28, 2013 According to â€Å"dictionary. reference. com† technology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. Technology can also be referred to as the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem. Technology also refers to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human resources as well as other areas of the Hotel industry, more so the Housekeeping Department/area. Housekeeping is the act of cleaning the rooms and furnishings of rooms. It is one of the many duties included in the term Housekeeping. Some duties included in the Housekeeping Operations are, but not limited to: †¢Disposing of rubbish †¢Changing washing bed linens †¢Cleaning dirty surfaces/areas †¢Dusting and vacuuming †¢Removing leaves from rain gutters †¢Washing windows and sweeping doormats. The Housekeeping Operations Department is responsible for the cleaning and he upkeep of the Hotel’s guests’ areas, to ensure the areas look better, safer and easier for clients/guest to be accommodated. The housekeeping department plays a very important and vital role in the hotel industry, without such a department lime scale can build up on taps, mold grows in wet areas, bacterial action make the garbage disposal and toilet smell and cobwebs accumulate. Some items that are commonly found in the Housekeeping department are: †¢Vacuum Cleaners †¢Brooms †¢Mops and Sponges †¢Detergents †¢Disinfe ctants †¢Bleach etc. There are several technologies that have helped to enhance and make the housekeeping department more efficient. Information and communications technology (ICT), is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. This speaks to the many different types of equipment/infrastructure that can be found embedded within the hotel industry to make work in the Housekeeping Department/area more effective and efficient. Some of these are, but not limited to: †¢PA System †¢Pagers/fax †¢Intercom †¢Inventory Management System †¢Intranet/internet/computers and †¢Biometric System Innovations in the communication system such as the use of the intercom system which is much like the Private Branch Exchange (PBX) makes it easier for the front desk to contact the housekeeping department for any request. Using one line for multiple telephones, you only need to dial a phone number that only requires three-digits or four which is assigned to every department of the hotel. The use of the desktop is very common in the current generation of hotel services. In contrast to the previous hotels, they used manual handwriting, and that also entails a lot of papers that could possible take up a lot of work space. With the use of the computer hardware system, which includes, the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse, and certain pre-installed application into the computer, paperwork and writing may not necessary. There is also software known as the Navis Housekeeping Management system which is used by the housekeeping department to properly monitor room statuses and cleaning of rooms. Once rooms have be cleaned, the information is entered into the Navis Housekeeping Management System which will allow easy access by housekeeping and the front desk department, by doing this both departments are able to know the rooms that are available and also their status. These kinds of hardware also help in the strict monitoring of guests reservation which the housekeeping department have access to so that they will be aware of the amount of guests that have made reservations. This information is vital as it allows the housekeeping department to prepare the rooms beforehand and also to ensure that enough rooms are available to meet the demands. This type of technology also assists with scheduling of housekeeping staff and also to ensure par stock amounts are up to date. Green Technology speaks to the environmental technology (envirotech), clean technology (cleantech) is the application of one or more of environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement on the environment depletion. Green Technology is also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaic’s, wind turbines, bioreactors and solar systems. Sustainable development is the core of environmental technologies. The term environmental technology is also used to describe a class of electronic devices that can promote sustainable management of resources. Green technology is being introduced in all sectors of production and more so in companies and the hotel industry is one such sector. Green technology not only benefits the hotel but it also helps the guest to appreciate the hotel and its environs more. Below are a few direct quotes from which were taken from ecomall. om about different green technology that are being instituted at some hotels. 1. Every morning at our front desk you will hear our guest’s remark in wonder over how well they slept last night, general manager Natalie Marquis says. I believe one reason we get this strong positive feedback is because we stopped using chemical pesticides 20 years ago. Our rooms are ecologically fresh, which allows the human body to relax, enabling our guests to experience a be tter sleep than in other hotels that use pesticides and toxic cleaning chemicals, or even in the guests own homes. 2. Patricia Griffin, president of the Green Hotel Association. She started the association 15 years ago after visiting Europe and learning how hotel quests respond positively to requests for non-daily sheet and towel cycling as a way to save energy and water, and reduce the use of cleaning products. Today you will find her associations desk cards in hotel rooms across America, suggesting to guests that they help the environment by not requesting daily towel and bed-linen cleaning. Various types of technologies are being implemented so as to assist a hotel to become more eco-friendly, one such technology which was developed is the first environmentally smart hotel, yes! Smart Hotel! †¢The Sheraton Rittenhouse is setting a precedent, and is part of an industry that is keen on cleaning for health, and for the environment. The hotel uses 100 percent organic cotton bed-sheets, chemical-free laundry cycles, energy-efficient light bulbs, and palm trees in the lobby with a superb oxygenation rate. Also the lobby’s reception desk is made from recycled soda bottles. A source from the Hotel’s housekeeping operations department also disclosed that all cleaning chemicals are all non-toxic, water-based, hypoallergenic and biodegradable. â€Å"Green-cleaning products also lead to lower regulatory costs, because managers have fewer toxic chemicals to track and fewer chemical-related injuries† added our source. Global Trends in housekeeping speaks to various activities and planned implementations. There are many different trends that are emerging not just within the hotel industry but specifically the housekeeping department. A few trends within the housekeeping department have been identified and are illustrated below. 1. PureRooms- a new company from the US introduced the group to allergy friendly rooms. PureRooms prepare and treat guest rooms; the process removes up to 99% of pollutants from the air, to let your guests breathe easy. It also protects from irritants such as mould, viruses, bacteria, pollen, and yeast to eliminating odours at the source and leaving the room smelling fresh. Rooms treated by PureRooms can be sold with a surcharge. The treatments include; all air conditioning units cleaned and treated with the installation of tea tree oil in the drip pan of the a/c unit, all surfaces in the room treated with PURE clean solution, high ozone shock treatment, PURE shield bacteria barrier, installation in every room of the electronic air purifier and allergy friendly bed encasements. 2. Inner Scents- an Australian invention of guest products that have an aromatherapy component to their manufacture. Ironing board covers which waft with subtle smells of herbs are a part of this company’s line of products along with other products such as pillow inserts. 3. Optii Solutions- introduced a new Housekeeping software system Optii Keeper, which revolutionizes the way housekeeping operates. This is the worlds first automated, intelligent housekeeping solution for hotels developed by Hoteliers for Hoteliers and with Housekeepers for Housekeepers in conjunction with Intercontinental Hotel Group. Optii Keeper has proven to save up to 20% of housekeeping payroll costs and up to 40% of Supervisor time. It eliminates 80% of phone calls between front office and housekeeping departments and creates a motivating environment by fairly spreading workloads among team members (http://www. optiisolutions. com/en/index. php? id=1, 2012). This helps to improve quality and staff morale and the system saves at least two hours every morning by automating the room allocation process at the push of a button. The housekeeping management team can see in real time if the housekeeping teams are ahead of schedule, on time or behind schedule and the system virtually eliminates the current expense of overstaffing or understaffing by forecasting staffing needs. Conclusion Modern technology is a driving force behind the overall development and sustainability of many sectors and the tourism sector is one such, which has benefited immensely from the advancement in technology, more specifically the housekeeping operations of hotels. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is one such advancement in technology which has positively impacted the housekeeping department. Technology has also helped to better manage the housekeeping departments more effectively and efficiently. Green technology is another element that has greatly impacted the operations of the housekeeping department through programs such as eco-friendly rooms and smart hotels. Advancement in Green technology has helped the housekeeping department manage its resources better. With more and more hotels adopting Green technology this sees them becoming more environmentally friendly. Global trends also impacts on the operations of the housekeeping department, as new technologies have and are being developed to improve the overall efficiency of housekeeping operations. Trends such as new and improved technologies that foster effective communication between housekeeping and all other departments, advanced equipment such as washers that do everything from dispensing of cleaning agents in correct amounts and the correct type of linen, are just a few global trends which have emerged within the housekeeping department. In concluding, the housekeeping department has been impacted by technology in many ways. The advancements in technology have allowed the housekeeping to be more efficient and effective in performing its functions to the highest level. References Books and Printed Document: Brewer, P. et al. (2008). Current and Future Use in the Hospitality Industry. Bunduhn, R. (2010). Hotel Industry Urged to get Technology Up to Speed. The National Gretzel, U. et al. (2010). Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2010. SpringerWienNewYork. Ferdinand Berger SohneGesellschaftm. b. H. , 3580 Horn, Austria Internet sources: (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. entrepreneur. com/article/201838 (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. ecomall. com/greenshopping/1greencleaning. htm

The Great Gatsby Essays (891 words) - The Great Gatsby,

The Great Gatsby In his novel The Great Gatsby, author F. Scott Fitzgerald had the main character Nick Carroway stand out as being overall, a decent person. Nick stands out especially when being compared to the other characters in the story. It is Nicks honesty with himself and toward others, his morality, and his unbiased, slow to judge qualities that make him the novels best character. The chain of events that occur in the story begin with Nick meeting Jordan Baker at Gatsbys party. It was this meeting that causes Nick to mention the topic of honesty. Nick learns about Jordans cheating in a golf tournament, and he realizes how dishonest Jordan really is. She was incredibly dishonest, (Page 58) Nick said, adding, Dishonesty in a woman is a thing that you can never blame deeply. (Page 59) Jordan seemed to contrast her own dishonesty with Nicks honesty. On the night of the party, Jordan leads Nick to say, Every one suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine: I am one of the few honest people I have ever known. (Page 60) He supports his words with his actions as a narrator, as well as his role as a character in the story. As the narrator, he was honest with himself, one example being Nick admitting to himself that Jordan was not only dishonest, but selfish and cynical as well, but he loved her regardlessly. As the novels main character, he was the only one that did not feel the need to mislead other people. All of the other characters would use an impressive, unreal facade in order to attract people and make a good first impression. For example, Daisy acted completely different around company from when she was with Tom. However, this happened while Nick would always let his honest, true character show through the entire time. Nick also seemed to be The Great Gatsbys only uncorrupted, unmaterialistic character. Every other character, including Gatsby himself, seemed to think that money could buy happiness. Gatsbys though process is a prime example of that: he thought that he could win over Daisy by impressing her with his extravagant parties. The fact is, Daisy, being materialistic herself, probably would have been won over, had she not been already married to a rich man. That materialism is what leads to the characters corruption. Gatsby was so materialistic that his morality was completely lost he was led to break the law, gambling and bootlegging, in order to satisfy his materialism. Nick however, went unaffected by materialism. Nick was moral, and had more values; he valued hard work. After all, the reason he moved to the East was in search of work as a bond salesman. When Gatsby asked Nick if he was interested in side money, which Nick believed was gained by illegal means, he refused because it would have been immoral. Also, as stated earlier, Nick did not feel the need to impress other people with what he owned, or with a high-culture personality. Because Nick was not materialistic like the other characters, he remained uncorrupted, and his morality was not lost in search of money and power. Finally, Nick was unbiased and slow to judge, making him the most reasonable and intelligent character, and showing that he is not naive like the others. Nick tells about his fathers advice to him, Whenever you feel like criticizing someone, just remember that all the people in this world havent had all of the advantages youve had. (Page 1) Nick then says, In consequence, Im inclined to reserve all judgments, a habit that has opened up man curious natures to me, and also made me the victim of not a few veteran bores. (Page 1) One example that supports his words is just before Nick met Gatsby, when he heard rumors about Gatsbys past. Jordans friend Lucille said, Somebody told me that thought he killed a man once. (Page 44) Lucille followed that statement with, Its more that he was a German spy during the war. (Page 44) The Gatsby rumors continued from there. However, Nick went unaffected by what he had heard if he believed it, he